Disinfection by Acids

DNA-damaging disinfection byproducts: alkylation mechanism of mutagenic mucohalic acids.

Hydroxyhalofuranones form a group of genotoxic disinfection byproduct (DBP) of increasing interest. Among them, mucohalic acids (3,4-dihalo-5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one, MXA) are known mutagens that react with nucleotides, affording etheno, oxaloetheno, and halopropenal derivatives. Mucohalic acids have also found use in organic synthesis due to their high functionalization. In this work, the alkyl...

Lactic Acid Efficient disinfection inspired by nature

Disinfection By-products: A Question of Balance

By all accounts, disinfection of drinking water is one of the major public health triumphs of the 20th century. No human endeavor, however, is without risk; more than 30 years ago it was determined that chlori­ nation of water resulted in formation of disinfection by­products (DBPs). Several of these, such as the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), were subsequently observed to ...

Mutagenic activity of disinfection by-products.

Data on raw water quality, disinfection treatment practices, and the resulting mutagenic properties of the treated water were compiled from pilot- and full-scale treatment experiments to evaluate that parameter which might produce variability in the results of a mutagenic study. Analysis of the data and comparison of treatment practices indicated that the measured mutagenic activity is strongly...

Reproductive toxicology of disinfection by-products.

The chronic exposure of large segments of the population to disinfected drinking water has necessitated an evaluation of the health effects of the by-products of the chlorination process. This paper reviews the available information concerning the reproductive consequences associated with exposure to disinfection by-products. Four groups of compounds are discussed: the trihalomethanes, in parti...